An Enemy of Freedom
The Fabian Society

Founded in 1884, the Fabian Society was an intellectual movement concerned with the research, discussion, and publication of socialist ideas. The society was named after the Roman general Fabius Cunctator, 'the delayer' who advocated a war of attrition rather than direct confrontation against Hannibal. The Fabians believed that social reform could be achieved by a new political approach of gradual and patient argument, 'permeating' their ideas into the circles of those with power: 'the inevitability of gradualism' was an early slogan.

As Sidney Webb wrote to the Fabian Edward Pease in 1886, 'Nothing is done in England without the consent of a small intellectual yet political class in London, not 2000 in number. We alone could get at that class.' The Fabians were especially active in London local government. The Fabians aimed for democratic socialism. Believing that voters could be persuaded of socialism's justice, they sought to achieve reform by education, stimulating debate through lectures and discussions initiated by democratically accountable and educated professionals.

The Fabian Society grew out of the Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, the object of which had been 'The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all.' Members of the Fabian Society also argued that 'the end of the State...is, in fact, the development of character.' Not only was character - national, individual, moral - a Victorian preoccupation, but its development in the individual was perceived by social reformers as a form of liberation from oppression. Cultivating character involved education and achieving bias-free judgement, and social reform aimed to build a society where altered political and social circumstances improved the conditions of those whom society could and should help.

Leading early members of the society include Annie Besant, Beatrice (A future Fabian Society president) and Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, George Wallas, Hubert Bland, and Sidney Olivier. The Fabian Society maintained its independence from the Labour Party, although it helped to create the Labour Representation Committee in 1900. Trade union militancy from 1910-26 and the unemployment climate and depression of the 1930s diminished the attractiveness of Fabian gradualism, but its influence had revived by 1939 through senior members, for example, Clement Attlee was chairman of the Fabian Research Bureau. The Fabian Society continues today with over 6000 members.

Fabian Stain-Glass Window at Beatrice Webb's home The Fabian Socialists
( Peddling Slavery )

The British counterpart of the German Marxian revisionists and heavily influenced by the English Historical school, the upper-middle-class intellectual group - the "Fabian Society" - emerged in 1884 as a strand of latter-day utopian socialism. They became known to the public firstly through Sidney Webb's Facts for Socialists (1884) and then through the famous Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889) written by the Webbs, Shaw, and others.

The "Fabians" were named after Fabius, the famous Roman general which opposed Hannibal as they were "biding their time" until they would "strike hard".  Exactly when this strike would occur was a perennial question.   Eschewing the revolutionary tactics of more orthodox Marxians, the middle-class Fabians were more directly involved with politics and practical gains - through contacts not only in the "International Labor Party", trade unions and cooperative movements but also throughout the entire British political apparatus (Liberals and Tories included).

At the core of the Fabian Society were the Webbs - Sidney J. Webb and his wife, Beatrice Potter Webb (married 1892). Together, they wrote numerous studies of industrial Britain, alternative economic arrangements (esp. cooperatives) and pamphlets for political reform. At the core of their system was the Ricardian theory of rent which they applied to capital as well as land (and labor as well - their opposition to high labor incomes was also an issue). Their conclusion was that it was the state's responsibility to acquire this rent (a position strikingly familiar to Henry George - whom Shaw credited explicitly).  Their later admiration of Soviet Russia stemmed partly from Stalin's "efficiency" at acquiring this rent.

As one contemporary noted, "they combined an ounce of theory with a ton of practice". The practice, for the Fabians, was to influence public opinion in this direction. This was to be accomplished, they argued, not through mass organization but rather by the selective education of the powerful "few" who would lead the reforms in government (hopefully themselves), thus they only belatedly extended their appeal beyond the narrow intelligentsia class from which they arose. It was the Webbs who founded the London School of Economics (L.S.E.) in 1895.

Through the relentless outpouring of Fabian Essays and the charismatic appeal of the Webbs - coupled with the prowess of literary figures such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells - ensured that they would be indeed influential among British intellectuals and government officials. Alfred Marshall, for one, readily admitted his sympathies for the Fabian cause (although he abhorred their anti-theoretical stance). Philip Wicksteed - who tangled with Shaw over the labor theory of value and marginal utility theory - in contrast, was considerably more critical.

It was this narrowness of appeal that led some Fabians, such as G.D.H. Cole and novelist H.G. Wells to break with the Fabians. Cole went on to establish the "Guild Socialists" who relied more on state-chartered but nonetheless self-governing producer organizations of workers - "guilds" - than on the intellectual-government machine the Fabians preferred. In this sense, the "Guild Socialists" were closer to the French syndicalism of Sorel - albeit a bit more muted.

Further splits in the Fabian camp emerged when the Webbs and Shaw decided to throw their weight behind the British Imperial enterprise - supporting the Boer War and other colonial misadventures - as they felt their reforms (when they came about) would thus have a wider application. An overarching British Empire, they believed, would be a more efficient conductor of reform than a multitude of smaller countries. The Webb's support of monopolies was also well-known - particularly, in their famous 1897 claim that "haggling in the market" (i.e. competition) was inimical because competitive prices always bore down on the workers. Thus, monopolies are more desirable as they would have more room to treat their workers better.

The Fabians finally disintegrated in the 1930s for a variety of reasons. Firstly, the Webbs' unqualified admiration of Soviet Russia seemed distasteful to too many in their group. Secondly, the ascendancy of the British Labour Party on the back of trade union activism had rendered the Fabians superfluous - and this body of working class activists did not trust the paternalistic and nationalistic Fabians (esp. after the Education Act of 1902, essayed by Sidney Webb and against which almost all of the Labour Party was mobilized - although Arthur Henderson, Labour Party leader from 1914 to 1922 was himself a Fabian and it was Sidney Webb who authored the famous Clause Four of the Labour Party charter committing it to a Socialist basis). Thirdly, they lost control of the L.S.E. when Cannan and then, more vigorously, Robbins turned it on a decidedly Jevonian track; fourthly, their intellectual influence during the 1930s was overshadowed by that of Keynes.   Finally,  many of the reforms they had advocated had actually been undertaken during and after the Great Depression, thus rendering their work, in a sense, "complete". Of particular importance was the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state in Britain in the 1940s following the famous 1942 "Beveridge Report".

The Fabians

  • Sidney James Webb, 1859-1947.
  • Beatrice Potter Webb, 1858-1943.
  • George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950.
    • The Jevonian Criticism of Marx, 1885.
    • An Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism, 1923.
    • Essays in Fabian Socialism, 1932.
    • Early Fabian essayist and famous literary persona who was one of the most prominent members of the Fabian Society. Apparently, it was Shaw who prodded the Fabians into supporting the Boer War. He once claimed to be the only man in England who had actually read Marx's Capital (although Shaw gave the labor theory of value a twist by noting that it was the purchaser, not the capitalist, who is ultimately robbing the surplus value from labor). However, the private tutorship of his good friend Philip Wicksteed led him to abandon the labor theory of value to become a "raving Jevonian". Most of his contributions were in the Fabian Essays of 1889 and in scattered Fabian pamphlets.
  • Graham Wallas, 1858-1932
    • The Life of Francis Place, 1898
    • Human Nature in Politics 1908.
    • The Great Society, 1914
    • Our Social Heritage, 1921.
    • Art of Thought, 1926.
    • Political scientist and one of the Fabian Society's "inner circle", one of the contributors to the 1889 Fabian Essays, although he later became disenchanted and resigned.  Notable for stressing the importance of human and social psychology, rather than institutional forces, in the analysis of political events. Wallas became the dominant figure in the political science department at the L.S.E. in its early years.
  • Ramsay MacDonald
  • G.D.H. Cole, 1890-1959.
    • The World of Labour, 1913.
    • Self-Government in Industry, 1917.
    • "Recent Developments in the British Labor Movement", 1918, AER
    • Introduction to Trade Unionism, 1918
    • The Payment of Wages, 1918
    • Social Theory, 1920
    • Essays in Social Theory, 1952.
    • A History of Socialist Thought, 1956.
    • Split with the Fabians to advocate "Guild Socialism". Unlike the Webbs, he disliked "state socialism" of the Russian (or any other) variety.
  • H.G. Wells, 1866-1946.
    • The Time Machine, 1895
    • Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress on Human Life and Thought, 1902.
    • Famous novelist who broke with the Fabians in 1909 on the issue of mass agitation (or rather lack of it).
  • William H. Beveridge, 1879-1963.
  • Richard H. Tawney, 1880-1962
  • Harold J. Laski, 1893-1950
  • The London School of Economics